How to Start a Farm: Beginning Farmers and Ranchers

Here is what you need to consider when starting your farm:

1. Type of farming — Determine what type of farming interests you and suits your land. This could include crop farming, livestock farming, mixed farming, organic farming, or specialized farms like vineyards or orchards.
2. Location — Find suitable land for your farming operations. Consider soil quality, climate, water availability, and local environmental conditions.
3. Financing — Farming requires a significant initial investment in land, equipment, seeds, livestock, and other startup costs. Explore financing options such as loans, grants, or investment partners. Government programs for agriculture can also provide financial assistance and resources.
4. Equipment and supplies — Invest in the necessary farming equipment and supplies. This might include tractors, plows, harrows, seeders, irrigation systems, and more, depending on your farming type.
5. Licenses and permits — You will need a couple of licenses and permits such as water usage permits, environmental permits, and possibly livestock permits.
6. Register your business — A limited liability company (LLC) is the best legal structure for new businesses because it is fast and simple. Form your business immediately using ZenBusiness LLC formation service or hire one of the best LLC services on the market.
7. Legal business aspects — Register for taxes, open a business bank account, and get an EIN.
8. Partnerships — Engage with the local farming community and relevant associations such as farmer’s markets, restaurants, and supermarkets.

You May Also Wonder:

Can a farm be profitable?

Yes, it’s possible for even a small farm to be profitable. The key is to learn the business so you know how to produce the best food and to do so efficiently to keep costs low. Beyond profit, though, farming can be fulfilling work.

How can I learn to be a farmer?

The best way to learn is hands-on. You can be a farmer’s apprentice or volunteer to help on a farm in your local area. You could also go to an agriculture school in your area. Cornell University also has over 20 online courses for small farmers. Each course takes 5 to 8 weeks at a cost of around $200.

How do I start a farm with no money?

You can’t start a farm with no money. However, you may be able to get funding through the federal government. You could look for applicable loans and grants on the USDA farm service website. 

Where is the cheapest place to own a farm?

Oklahoma is one of the cheapest states for farmland. The state also has a good infrastructure to support operating a farm. 

What kind of farming is most profitable?

Dairy farming is very profitable because you can produce many different types of dairy products. Dairy farms also produce manure which can be sold for fertilizer.

How do farmers maintain soil quality?

Farmers can maintain soil quality through a variety of practices, such as rotating crops, using cover crops, reducing tillage, and applying organic matter and nutrients to the soil. Additionally, farmers can monitor soil quality through regular testing and work with agricultural experts to develop customized soil management plans.

Step 1: Decide if the Business Is Right for You

Pros and cons

Starting a farm has pros and cons to consider before deciding if it’s right for you. 

Farm industry trends

Industry size and growth

• Industry size and past growth – Agriculture, food production, and related industries contributed $1.055 trillion to the US economy in 2020, with farm output representing $134.7 billion of that total.((https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/ag-and-food-statistics-charting-the-essentials/ag-and-food-sectors-and-the-economy/)) 
• Growth forecast – US agricultural production is expected to remain steady in the coming years.
• Number of businesses – In 2020, 2.02 million farms were operating in the US.
• Number of people employed – In 2020, the US farm industry employed 2.6 million people.((https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/ag-and-food-statistics-charting-the-essentials/farming-and-farm-income)) 

Trends and challenges

Trends in the farming industry include:

• Regenerative agriculture is set to shape the future of farming. Regenerative agriculture means using sustainable farming techniques including topsoil regeneration, biodiversity, recycling of farm waste, and improving the water cycle.
• Growing hemp along with other crops is becoming popular because hemp is extremely good for the soil and environment and offers many product possibilities. 
• People are looking to the “farmacy” for healthy food choices and are buying based on the branding on foods that indicate that they are healthier such as organic, natural, non-GMO, and gluten-free. 

Challenges in the farming industry include:

• Farm production costs are rapidly rising with inflation, particularly the cost of fertilizer which has more than doubled since hitting a low in 2020, which is putting a strain on farmers.
• Climate change is a growing risk for farmers, with droughts and other extreme weather threatening crops.
• Consolidation has remade US agriculture, as the number of farms has fallen from more than 6 million in the early 1940s to 2 million today, while the average farm size has more than doubled over that same span. 

Demand hotspots

• Most popular states – The most popular states for farmers are Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio.((https://www.zippia.com/farmer-jobs/best-states/))
• Least popular states – The least popular states for farmers are Louisiana, Wyoming, and Idaho.

What kind of people work in Farming?

• Gender – 26.6% of farmers are female, while 69.5% are male.((https://www.zippia.com/farmer-jobs/demographics/))
• Average level of education – The average farmer has a bachelor’s degree.
• Average age – The average farmer in the US is 48.6 years old.

How much does it cost to start a farm business?

Your startup costs are highly dependent on what kind of farm you decide to start. These calculations will assume that you’re starting a small vegetable farm. 

Startup costs for a small farm range from $80,000 to $150,000 or more. The largest expenses are for farming equipment and a down payment on the property. If you need financing, you could look for applicable loans and grants on the USDA farm service website. 

You’ll need a handful of items to successfully launch your farm, including: 

• 30 HP diesel 4X4 tractor 
• 5 foot three point rototiller
• Double toolbar and “A” frame (5.5 feet wide) with assortment of clamps, standards, Shovels, sweeps etc.
• Push planter
• Various hand and push cultivation tools
• Single three point ripper shank capable of running 2 feet deep
• Bed shaper/marker
• Three point heavy tandem disc
• Flail mower
• 6 foot spring-tooth cultivator
• Box scraper
• Under-cutter
• Three-point forklift attachment for moving harvest bins, etc.
• Hand crank broadcaster for broadcasting cover crop seed
• Backpack flamer

Start-up Costs	Ballpark Range	Average
Setting up a business name and corporation	$150 - $200	$175
Business licenses and permits	$100 - $300	$200
Insurance	$100-$300	$200
Business cards and brochures	$200 - $300	$250
Website setup	$1,000 - $3,000	$2,000
Property down payment	$60,000 - $100,000	$80,000
Farm equipment	$20,000 - $50,000	$35,000
Total	$81,550 - $154,100	$117,825

How much can you earn from a farm business?

Your earnings will vary greatly based on the size of your farm and what you produce. Generally, an established vegetable farm generates $60,000 in annual sales per acre. Profit margins for a farm are about 20%.

In your first year or two, if you have a six-acre farm and you get production from half of it, you’ll be bringing in $180,000 in annual revenue. This would mean $36,000 in profit, assuming that 20% margin. As you get production going on the whole farm, your annual revenue will be $360,000, so you’d make a tidy profit of $72,000.

What barriers to entry are there?

There are a few barriers to entry for a farm. Your biggest challenges will be:

• The startup costs and finding financing
• Learning farm skills
• Finding fertile land in a good location

Step 2: Hone Your Idea

Now that you know what’s involved in starting a farm, it’s a good idea to hone your concept in preparation to enter a competitive market. 

Market research will give you the upper hand, even if you’re already positive that you have a perfect product or service. Conducting market research is important, because it can help you understand your customers better, who your competitors are, and your business landscape.

Why? Identify an opportunity

Research farms in your area to examine their products, price points, and what sells best. You’re looking for a market gap to fill. For instance, maybe the local market is missing an organic fruit farm or a squash farm. 

This could jumpstart your word-of-mouth marketing and attract clients right away. 

What? Decide on your farm’s offerings

You’ll need to determine what you want to grow, but you can also add other products to increase your revenue. You could produce cottage food such as jams and jellies or pies to sell to markets, or you could set up your own farmer’s market and sell products directly. 

How much should you charge for farm products?

To determine your prices, you’ll need to look at market prices in your area. You’ll sell at wholesale prices to markets and grocery stores, and retail prices when you sell directly to consumers.

Once you know your costs, you can use this Step By Step profit margin calculator to determine your mark-up and final price points. Remember, the prices you use at launch should be subject to change if warranted by the market.

Who? Identify your target market

Your target market will be mainly markets and grocery stores. You should reach out to them and form partnerships to sell your products. If you set up your own farmer’s market, your target market will be broad. You should spread out your marketing to include sites like TikTok, Instagram, Facebook, and LinkedIn. 

Where? Choose your farm location

Selecting the right location for your farm is crucial for its success. Look for a spot with fertile soil, access to clean water, and good drainage. Consider the climate and weather conditions in the area, as well as the topography and natural vegetation.

Additionally, assess the local regulations and zoning laws to ensure compliance and obtain any necessary permits. Depending on the type of farm you plan to start, you may also want to consider the proximity to markets, suppliers, and other resources.

By strategically choosing the right location, you can establish a profitable and sustainable farm that produces high-quality crops, livestock, or other products and stands out in the competitive agriculture industry.

Step 3: Brainstorm a Farm Name

Here are some ideas for brainstorming your business name:

• Short, unique, and catchy names tend to stand out
• Names that are easy to say and spell tend to do better 
• Name should be relevant to your product or service offerings
• Ask around — family, friends, colleagues, social media — for suggestions
• Including keywords, such as “farm” or “farm fresh”, boosts SEO
• Name should allow for expansion, for ex: “New Horizons Agriculture” over “Organic Produce Farm”
• A location-based name can help establish a strong connection with your local community and help with the SEO but might hinder future expansion

Once you’ve got a list of potential names, visit the website of the US Patent and Trademark Office to make sure they are available for registration and check the availability of related domain names using our Domain Name Search tool. Using “.com” or “.org” sharply increases credibility, so it’s best to focus on these. 

Finally, make your choice among the names that pass this screening and go ahead with domain registration and social media account creation. Your business name is one of the key differentiators that sets your business apart. Once you pick your company name, and start with the branding, it is hard to change the business name. Therefore, it’s important to carefully consider your choice before you start a business entity.

Step 4: Create a Farm Business Plan

Here are the key components of a business plan:

• Executive Summary: A brief overview of the entire farm business plan, summarizing key points and goals.
• Business Overview: An in-depth description of the farm business, including its mission, vision, and values.
• Product and Services: Detailed information about the specific products (crops, livestock, etc.) and services the farm will offer.
• Market Analysis: A comprehensive examination of the agricultural market, including target customers, trends, and potential growth.
• Competitive Analysis: Evaluation of other farms or agricultural businesses in the region, highlighting strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
• Sales and Marketing: Strategies for promoting and selling farm products, including pricing, distribution, and promotional activities.
• Management Team: Introduction to the key individuals involved in running the farm, emphasizing their skills and experience.
• Operations Plan: Detailed information on how the farm will operate day-to-day, covering production processes, equipment, and facilities.
• Financial Plan: Projections for the financial performance of the farm, including income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow forecasts.
• Appendix: Additional supporting documents, such as resumes, permits, or detailed research data, to provide more context and information.

If you’ve never created a business plan, it can be an intimidating task. You might consider hiring a business plan specialist to create a top-notch business plan for you.

Step 5: Register Your Business

Plus, registration is exciting because it makes the entire process official. Once it’s complete, you’ll have your own business! 

Choose where to register your company

Your business location is important because it can affect taxes, legal requirements, and revenue. Most people will register their business in the state where they live, but if you’re planning to expand, you might consider looking elsewhere, as some states could offer real advantages when it comes to farms. 

If you’re willing to move, you could really maximize your business! Keep in mind, it’s relatively easy to transfer your business to another state. 

Choose your business structure

Business entities come in several varieties, each with its pros and cons. The legal structure you choose for your farm will shape your taxes, personal liability, and business registration requirements, so choose wisely. 

Here are the main options:

• Sole Proprietorship – The most common structure for small businesses makes no legal distinction between company and owner. All income goes to the owner, who’s also liable for any debts, losses, or liabilities incurred by the business. The owner pays taxes on business income on his or her personal tax return.
• General Partnership – Similar to a sole proprietorship, but for two or more people. Again, owners keep the profits and are liable for losses. The partners pay taxes on their share of business income on their personal tax returns.
• Limited Liability Company (LLC) – Combines the characteristics of corporations with those of sole proprietorships or partnerships. Again, the owners are not personally liable for debts.
• C Corp – Under this structure, the business is a distinct legal entity and the owner or owners are not personally liable for its debts. Owners take profits through shareholder dividends, rather than directly. The corporation pays taxes, and owners pay taxes on their dividends, which is sometimes referred to as double taxation.
• S Corp – An S-Corporation refers to the tax classification of the business but is not a business entity. An S-Corp can be either a corporation or an LLC, which just need to elect to be an S-Corp for tax status. In an S-Corp, income is passed through directly to shareholders, who pay taxes on their share of business income on their personal tax returns.

We recommend that new business owners choose LLC as it offers liability protection and pass-through taxation while being simpler to form than a corporation. You can form an LLC in as little as five minutes using an online LLC formation service. They will check that your business name is available before filing, submit your articles of organization, and answer any questions you might have.

Step 6: Register for Taxes

The final step before you’re able to pay taxes is getting an Employer Identification Number, or EIN. You can file for your EIN online or by mail or fax: visit the IRS website to learn more. Keep in mind, if you’ve chosen to be a sole proprietorship you can simply use your social security number as your EIN. 

Once you have your EIN, you’ll need to choose your tax year. Financially speaking, your business will operate in a calendar year (January–December) or a fiscal year, a 12-month period that can start in any month. This will determine your tax cycle, while your business structure will determine which taxes you’ll pay.

It is important to consult an accountant or other professional to help you with your taxes to ensure you’re completing them correctly.

Step 7: Fund your Business

Securing financing is your next step and there are plenty of ways to raise capital:

• Bank loans: This is the most common method but getting approved requires a rock-solid business plan and strong credit history.
• SBA-guaranteed loans: The Small Business Administration can act as guarantor, helping gain that elusive bank approval via an SBA-guaranteed loan.
• Government grants: A handful of financial assistance programs help fund entrepreneurs. Visit Grants.gov to learn which might work for you.
• Venture capital: Venture capital investors take an ownership stake in exchange for funds, so keep in mind that you’d be sacrificing some control over your business. This is generally only available for businesses with high growth potential.
• Angel investors: Reach out to your entire network in search of people interested in investing in early-stage startups in exchange for a stake. Established angel investors are always looking for good opportunities. 
• Friends and Family: Reach out to friends and family to provide a business loan or investment in your concept. It’s a good idea to have legal advice when doing so because SEC regulations apply.
• Crowdfunding: Websites like Kickstarter and Indiegogo offer an increasingly popular low-risk option, in which donors fund your vision. Entrepreneurial crowdfunding sites like Fundable and WeFunder enable multiple investors to fund your business.
• Personal: Self-fund your business via your savings or the sale of property or other assets.

Bank and SBA loans are a good option, but you may be able to attract funding from the USDA. You might also try crowdfunding if you have an innovative farming concept. 

Step 8: Apply for Farm Business Licenses and Permits

Starting a farm business requires obtaining a number of licenses and permits from local, state, and federal governments.

Federal regulations, licenses, and permits associated with starting your business include doing business as (DBA), health licenses and permits from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), trademarks, copyrights, patents, and other intellectual properties, as well as industry-specific licenses and permits. 

You may also need state-level and local county or city-based licenses and permits. The license requirements and how to obtain them vary, so check the websites of your state, city, and county governments or contact the appropriate person to learn more. 

You could also check this SBA guide for your state’s requirements, but we recommend using MyCorporation’s Business License Compliance Package. They will research the exact forms you need for your business and state and provide them to ensure you’re fully compliant.

If you feel overwhelmed by this step or don’t know how to begin, it might be a good idea to hire a professional to help you check all the legal boxes.

Step 9: Open a Business Bank Account

Before you start making money, you’ll need a place to keep it, and that requires opening a bank account.

Keeping your business finances separate from your personal account makes it easy to file taxes and track your company’s income, so it’s worth doing even if you’re running your farm business as a sole proprietorship. Opening a business bank account is quite simple, and similar to opening a personal one. Most major banks offer accounts tailored for businesses — just inquire at your preferred bank to learn about their rates and features.

Banks vary in terms of offerings, so it’s a good idea to examine your options and select the best plan for you. Once you choose your bank, bring in your EIN (or Social Security Number if you decide on a sole proprietorship), articles of incorporation, and other legal documents and open your new account. 

Step 10: Get Business Insurance

Business insurance is an area that often gets overlooked yet it can be vital to your success as an entrepreneur. Insurance protects you from unexpected events that can have a devastating impact on your business.

Here are some types of insurance to consider:

• General liability: The most comprehensive type of insurance, acting as a catch-all for many business elements that require coverage. If you get just one kind of insurance, this is it. It even protects against bodily injury and property damage.
• Business Property: Provides coverage for your equipment and supplies.
• Equipment Breakdown Insurance: Covers the cost of replacing or repairing equipment that has broken due to mechanical issues.
• Worker’s compensation: Provides compensation to employees injured on the job.
• Property: Covers your physical space, whether it is a cart, storefront, or office.
• Commercial auto: Protection for your company-owned vehicle.
• Professional liability: Protects against claims from a client who says they suffered a loss due to an error or omission in your work.
• Business owner’s policy (BOP): This is an insurance plan that acts as an all-in-one insurance policy, a combination of the above insurance types.

Step 11: Prepare to Launch

As opening day nears, prepare for launch by reviewing and improving some key elements of your business. 

Essential software and tools

Being an entrepreneur often means wearing many hats, from marketing to sales to accounting, which can be overwhelming. Fortunately, many websites and digital tools are available to help simplify many business tasks. 

You may want to use industry-specific software, such as Conservis, Granular, or FarmLogic, to manage your workflows, inventory, crop times, invoicing, and accounting.

Accounting

• Popular web-based accounting programs for smaller businesses include Quickbooks, Freshbooks, and Xero. 
• If you’re unfamiliar with basic accounting, you may want to hire a professional, especially as you begin. The consequences for filing incorrect tax documents can be harsh, so accuracy is crucial. 

Develop your website

Website development is crucial because your site is your online presence and needs to convince prospective clients of your expertise and professionalism.

You can create your own website using website builders. This route is very affordable, but figuring out how to build a website can be time-consuming. If you lack tech-savvy, you can hire a web designer or developer to create a custom website for your business.

They are unlikely to find your website, however, unless you follow Search Engine Optimization (SEO) practices. These are steps that help pages rank higher in the results of top search engines like Google. 

Marketing

Here are some powerful marketing strategies for your future business:

• Professional Branding — Develop branding that emphasizes naturalness, authenticity, and a connection to the land, reflected in your logo, signage, website, and product packaging.
• Local SEO — Optimize your website for local search terms related to fresh produce, local farming, and sustainable agriculture, ensuring visibility to nearby consumers. Regularly update your Google My Business and Yelp profiles to strengthen your local search presence.
• Direct Outreach — Build relationships with local farmers’ markets, community groups, and food cooperatives, and network with local restaurants and shops to supply your products.
• Social Media Engagement — Use platforms like Instagram and Facebook to share daily farm life, updates on produce, and information about farm events to connect with a broader audience.
• Content Marketing — Maintain a farm blog to share sustainable farming practices, stories about your farm, and recipes that feature your produce.
• Email Marketing — Send regular newsletters to keep your community updated on harvest seasons, new products, and farm events.
• Video Content — Create engaging videos and virtual tours to showcase your farming processes, livestock, and the scenic beauty of your farm.
• Farmers’ Markets Participation — Sell your products and interact directly with consumers by regularly participating in farmers’ markets and local events.
• On-Farm Events — Host farm-to-table dinners, harvest festivals, or educational workshops to attract visitors and enhance their engagement with your farm.
• Local Business Partnerships — Collaborate with local restaurants, cafes, and shops to supply your products and participate in joint promotions with other farms.
• Agrotourism Promotions — If offering farm stays or tours, promote these through travel blogs, local tourism boards, and online travel platforms to attract visitors looking for unique experiences.

Focus on USPs

Unique selling propositions, or USPs, are the characteristics of a product or service that sets it apart from the competition. Customers today are inundated with buying options, so you’ll have a real advantage if they are able to quickly grasp how your farm meets their needs or wishes. It’s wise to do all you can to ensure your USPs stand out on your website and in your marketing and promotional materials, stimulating buyer desire. 

Global pizza chain Domino’s is renowned for its USP: “Hot pizza in 30 minutes or less, guaranteed.” Signature USPs for your farm business could be: 

• Organic produce and homemade foods straight from the farm
• Fresh organic squash, locally grown
• Organic hemp and hemp products – it’s the new superfood!

Networking

You may not like to network or use personal connections for business gain. But your personal and professional networks likely offer considerable untapped business potential. Maybe that Facebook friend you met in college is now running a farm business, or a LinkedIn contact of yours is connected to dozens of potential clients. Maybe your cousin or neighbor has been working in farming for years and can offer invaluable insight and industry connections. 

The possibilities are endless, so it’s a good idea to review your personal and professional networks and reach out to those with possible links to or interest in farms. You’ll probably generate new customers or find companies with which you could establish a partnership. 

Step 12: Build Your Team

If you’re starting out small, you may not need any employees. But as your business grows, you will likely need workers to fill various roles. Potential positions for a farm business include:

• Farm Workers – help grow and harvest crops
• General Manager – ordering, scheduling, accounting
• Marketing Lead – SEO strategies, social media, direct sales

At some point, you may need to hire all of these positions or simply a few, depending on the size and needs of your business. You might also hire multiple workers for a single role or a single worker for multiple roles, again depending on need. 

Free-of-charge methods to recruit employees include posting ads on popular platforms such as LinkedIn, Facebook, or Jobs.com. You might also consider a premium recruitment option, such as advertising on Indeed, Glassdoor, or ZipRecruiter. Further, if you have the resources, you could consider hiring a recruitment agency to help you find talent. 

Step 13: Run a Farm – Start Making Money!

Farming offers a traditional lifestyle that can be very rewarding. Farming is critical to our survival, and to the economy. You’ll also be producing food that will always be in demand, and what could be better than living the farm life and making good money at the same time?  Now that you’re prepared with all the relevant entrepreneurial knowledge, it’s time to go find your piece of land and start building a successful farm!